USE OF FORCE 使用武力
556.10 POLICY ON THE USE OF FORCE 关于使用武力的政策
PREAMBLE TO USE OF FORCE 使用武力序言
The use of force by members of law enforcement is a matter of critical concern both to the public and the law enforcement community. It is recognized that some individuals will not comply with the law or submit to control unless compelled to do so by the use of force; therefore, law enforcement officers are sometimes called upon to use force in the performance of their duties. 执法人员使用武力是公众和执法界都极为关切的问题。人们认识到，一些个人可能不会遵守法律或服从控制，除非被强迫使用武力控制；因此，执法人员有时被要求在履行职责时使用武力。
The Los Angeles Police Department also recognizes that law enforcement officers derive their authority from the public, and thus must constantly remember that they are not only guardians of the public but also servants of the public. 洛杉矶警察局还认识到，执法人员的权力来自公众，因此必须时刻牢记，他们不仅是公众的守护者，而且是服务于公众的。
The Department’s guiding principle when using force shall be reverence for human life. Officers shall attempt to control an incident by using time, distance, communications, and available resources in an effort to de-escalate the situation, whenever it is safe, feasible, and reasonable to do so. As stated below, when warranted, Department personnel may use objectively reasonable force to carry out their duties. Officers may use deadly force only when they reasonably believe, based on the totality of circumstances, that such force is necessary in defense of human life. 该部门在使用武力时的指导原则应是尊重人的生命。在安全、可行和合理的情况下，警员应尝试通过使用时间、距离、通信和可用资源来控制事件，努力降低事态的升级。如下文所述，在必须的情况下，部门人员可以使用客观合理的武力履行其职责。只有在基于总体情况合理地认为有必要使用致命武力以保护生命的情况下，警察才可以使用致命武力。
Officers who use unreasonable force degrade the confidence of the community we serve, expose fellow officers to physical hazards, violate the law and rights of individuals upon whom unreasonable force or unnecessary deadly force is used, and subject the Department and themselves to potential civil and criminal liability. Conversely, officers who fail to use force when warranted may endanger themselves, the community and fellow officers. 使用不合理武力的警员会降低我们所服务社区的对执法人员信心，并且使其他警员面临身体危险，使用不合理的武力或不必要的致命武力也可能侵犯个人的法律和权利，并使该部门及警员自身承担潜在的民事和刑事责任。相反，如果警察在必要时不使用武力，可能会危及自己、社区和其他警员。
POLICY 政策
Use of De-Escalation Techniques 使用武力等级降级技术
It is the policy of this Department that, whenever feasible, officers shall use techniques and tools consistent with department de-escalation training to reduce the intensity of any encounter with a suspect and enable an officer to have additional options to mitigate the need to use a higher level of force while maintaining control of the situation. 本部门的政策是，只要可行，警员应使用与部门降级培训一致的技术和工具，以降低在与嫌疑人接触时强度，并使警员能够有更多选择，以减轻或避免使用更高级别武力的需要，同时保持对局势的控制。
Verbal Warnings 口头警告
Where feasible, a peace officer shall, prior to the use of any force, make reasonable efforts to identify themselves as a peace officer and to warn that force may be used, unless the officer has objectively reasonable grounds to believe that the person is aware of those facts. 在可行的情况下，执法人员在使用任何武力之前，应尽合理努力证明自己是执法人员，并警告可能使用武力，除非该警员有客观合理的理由相信该人知道这些事实。
Proportionality 相称性（恰当性）
Officers may only use a level of force that they reasonably believe is proportional to the seriousness of the suspected offense or the reasonably perceived level of actual or threatened resistance. 警员只能使用在合理怀疑时涉嫌犯罪的严重性或合理感知的实际威胁或嫌犯的抵抗威胁程度成正比的武力等级。
Fair and Unbiased Policing 公平公正的执法
Officers shall carry out their duties, including use of force, in a manner that is fair and unbiased. Discriminatory conduct on the basis of race, religion, color, ethnicity, national origin, age, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, housing status, or disability while performing any law enforcement activity is prohibited. 警员应以公平和公正的方式履行其职责，包括使用武力。禁止在执行任何执法活动时基于种族、宗教、肤色、族裔、国籍、年龄、性别、性别认同、性别表达、性取向、住房状况或残疾的歧视行为。
Use of Force - Non-Deadly 使用武力 - 非致命
It is the policy of this Department that personnel may use only that force which is "objectively reasonable" to: 本部门的政策是，任何雇员只能使用“客观合理”的武力：
Defend themselves 保护自己
Defend others 保护他人
Effect an arrest or detention 实施逮捕或拘留
Prevent escape 防止脱逃
Overcome resistance 克服阻力
Factors Used to Determine Objective Reasonableness 用于确定客观合理性的因素
Pursuant to the opinion issued by the United States Supreme Court in Graham v. Connor, the Department examines the reasonableness of any particular force used: a) from the perspective of a reasonable Los Angeles Police Officer with similar training and experience, in the same situation; and b) based on the facts and circumstances of each particular case. Those factors may include, but are not limited to: 根据美国最高法院在Graham v. Connor案中发表的意见，司法部审查了使用任何特定武力的合理性： a）在合理情况下从受过类似培训和经验的警员的角度，在相同情况下；和b）基于每个特定案例的事实和情况。这些因素可能包括但不限于：
The feasibility of using de-escalation tactics, crisis intervention or other alternatives to force 使用降级策略、危机干预或其他武力替代方案的可行性；
The seriousness of the crime or suspected offense 犯罪或涉嫌犯罪的严重性；
The level of threat or resistance presented by the subject 目标的威胁或抵抗程度；
Whether the subject was posing an immediate threat to officers or a danger to the community 目标是否对警察构成直接威胁或对社区构成危险；
The potential for injury to citizens, officers or subjects 公民、警员或目标受伤的可能性；
The risk or apparent attempt by the subject to escape 受试者逃跑的风险或明显企图；
The conduct of the subject being confronted (as reasonably perceived by the officer at the time) 被对质嫌犯的行为（由警员员当时合理感知）；
The amount of time and any changing circumstances during which the officer had to determine the type and amount of force that appeared to be reasonable 警员必须确定似乎合理的武力类型和数量与时间量等任何变化的情况；
The availability of other resources 其他资源的可用性；
The training and experience of the officer 警员受到的培训与经验；
The proximity or access of weapons to the subject 武器接近或被嫌犯获取的可能；
Officer versus subject factors such as age, size, relative strength, skill level, injury/exhaustion and number officers versus subjects 警员与嫌犯的因素，如年龄、体型、相对力量、技能水平、受伤/疲劳以及警员与嫌犯的人数；
The environmental factors and/or other exigent circumstances 环境因素和/或其他紧急情况；
Whether a person is a member of a vulnerable population 一个人是否属于弱势群体。
Drawing or Exhibiting Firearms 挥舞或展示枪支
Unnecessarily or prematurely drawing or exhibiting a firearm limits an officer’s alternatives in controlling a situation, creates unnecessary anxiety on the part of citizens, and may result in an unwarranted or accidental discharge of the firearm. Officers shall not draw or exhibit a firearm unless the circumstances surrounding the incident create a reasonable belief that it may be necessary to use the firearm. When an officer has determined that the use of deadly force is not necessary, the officer shall, as soon as practicable, secure or holster the firearm. Any drawing and exhibiting of a firearm shall conform with this policy on the use of firearms. Moreover, any intentional pointing of a firearm at a person by an officer shall be reported. Such reporting will be published in the Department’s year-end use of force report. 不必要或过早地拔出或展示枪支限制了警员控制局势的选择，造成公民不必要的焦虑，并可能导致枪支的不正当或意外击发。除非事件周围的情况使人合理相信可能有必要使用枪支，否则警员不得挥舞或展示枪支。当警员确定无需使用致命武力时，该警员须在切实可行范围内尽快将该枪支固定或套上枪套。任何枪支的挥舞和展示均应符合本枪支使用政策。此外，应报告任何警员故意将枪支指向某人的情况。此类报告将在该部的年终使用武力报告中公布。
Use of Force - Deadly 使用武力 - 致命
It is the policy of this Department that officers shall use deadly force upon another person only when the officer reasonably believes, based on the totality of circumstances, that such force is necessary for either of the following reasons: 本部门的政策是，只有在警员基于总体情况合理地认为出于以下任一原因有必要对另一人使用致命武力时，警员方可对其使用致命武力：
To defend against an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officer or to another person 针对该人员或另一人即将面临的死亡或严重身体伤害威胁进行保护（抵抗）；
To apprehend a fleeing person for any felony that threatened or resulted in death or serious bodily injury, if the officer reasonably believes that the person will cause death or serious bodily injury to another unless immediately apprehended 在进行逮捕因任何威胁或导致死亡或严重身体伤害的重罪而逃跑的嫌犯，如果警员有理由相信该人会导致他人死亡或严重身体伤害，除非其被立即逮捕。
In determining whether deadly force is necessary, officers shall evaluate each situation in light of the particular circumstances of each case and shall use other available resources and techniques if reasonably safe and feasible. Before discharging a firearm, officers shall consider their surroundings and potential risks to bystanders to the extent reasonable under the circumstances. 在确定是否有必要使用致命武力时，警员应根据每个案件的特殊情况评估每个情况，并在合理安全可行的情况下使用其他可用资源和技术。在击发枪支之前，警员应在合理的情况下考虑周围环境和对旁观者的潜在风险。
Note: Because the application of deadly force is limited to the above scenarios, an officer shall not use deadly force against a person based on the danger that person poses to themselves, if an objectively reasonable officer would believe the person does not pose an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officer or another person. 注：由于致命武力的使用仅限于上述情况，在相信该人不会对该警员或其他人构成死亡或严重身体伤害的紧迫威胁情况下，警员不得基于人员对自己造成的危险对人员使用致命武力。
Department's Evaluation of Deadly Force 部门对致命武力的评估
The Department will analyze an officer’s use of deadly force by evaluating the totality of the circumstances of each case consistent with California Penal Code Section 835(a), as well as the factors articulated in Graham v. Connor. 该部门将通过评估符合《加利福尼亚刑法》第835（a）节的每个案件的总体情况，以及Graham v.Connor案中阐述的因素，来分析警员使用致命武力的情况。
Warning Shots 警告射击
It is the policy of this Department that warning shots shall only be used in exceptional circumstances where it might reasonably be expected to avoid the need to use deadly force. Generally, warning shots shall be directed in a manner that minimizes the risk of injury to innocent persons, ricochet dangers and property damage. 本部门的政策是，只有在合理预期可以避免使用致命武力的特殊情况下，才应使用警告射击。通常，警告射击的方式应尽量减少无辜人员受伤、跳弹危险和财产损失的风险。
Shooting at or From Moving Vehicles 向移动的车辆射击或从移动的车辆上射击
It is the policy of this Department that firearms shall not be discharged at a moving vehicle unless a person in the vehicle is immediately threatening the officer or another person with deadly force by means other than the vehicle. The moving vehicle itself shall not presumptively constitute a threat that justifies an officer’s use of deadly force. An officer threatened by an oncoming vehicle shall move out of its path instead of discharging a firearm at it or any of its occupants. Firearms shall not be discharged from a moving vehicle, except in exigent circumstances and consistent with this policy in regard to the use of Deadly Force. 本部门的政策是，除非车辆内的人立即以非车辆的方式以致命武力威胁该警员或其他人员，否则不得在移动的车辆上击发任何火器（Firearms）。移动车辆本身不得推定构成以下威胁证明一名警员使用致命武力是正当的。受到迎面而来车辆威胁的警员应立即离开其路径（躲避），而不是向驾驶员或其任何乘客开枪。除非在紧急情况下并符合本政策关于使用致命武力的规定，否则不得在移动的车辆上击发任何火器（Firearms）。
Note: It is understood that the policy regarding discharging a firearm at or from a moving vehicle may not cover every situation that may arise. In all situations, officers are expected to act with intelligence and exercise sound judgment, attending to the spirit of this policy. Any deviations from the provisions of this policy shall be examined rigorously on a case by case basis. The involved officer must be able to clearly articulate the reasons for the use of deadly force. Factors that may be considered include whether the officer’s life or the lives of others were in immediate peril and there was no reasonable or apparent means of escape. 注：据了解，关于向移动车辆击发任何火器或从移动车辆击发任何火器的政策可能不涵盖可能出现的所有情况。在任何情况下，警员都应根据这项政策的精神，以明智的态度行事，作出正确的判断。任何与本政策规定的偏差应逐案严格审查。相关警员必须能够清楚地阐明使用致命武力的原因。可考虑的因素包括：该警员或其他人的生命立即处于危险之中，没有合理或明显的逃生途径。
Requirement to Report Potential Excessive Force 报告潜在过度用力的要求
An officer who is present and observes another officer using force that the present and observing officer believes to be beyond that which is necessary, as determined by an objectively reasonable officer under the circumstances based upon the totality of information actually known to the officer [as delineated in California Penal Code Section 835(a)], shall immediately report such force to a superior officer. 一名在场并观察到另一名警员使用其认为超出必要范围的武力的警员，根据客观合理实际了解的全部信息（如加利福尼亚州刑法第835（a）节所述）确定的情况，应立即向上级警员报告该武力使用情况。
An officer who has a sustained excessive force complaint shall be prohibited from training other officers for a period of at least three years from the date that the complaint was sustained. 自投诉发生之日起至少三年内，禁止受到过度武力投诉的警员培训其他警员。
Retaliation for Reporting Potential Excessive Force or Violation of Any Law or Regulation 对举报可能过度使用武力或违反任何法律或法规的行为进行报复
Retaliation for reporting potential excessive force or violation of any law or regulation by any employee of this Department is strictly prohibited, shall be reported immediately, and is considered to be serious misconduct. 严禁对本部门任何员工举报可能过度使用武力或违反任何法律法规的行为进行报复，应立即举报，并视为严重不当行为。
Requirement to Intercede When Excessive Force is Observed 当观察到过度用力时，要求进行干预
An officer shall intercede when present and observing another officer using force that is clearly beyond that which is necessary, as determined by an objectively reasonable officer under the circumstances, taking into account the possibility that other officers may have additional information regarding the threat posed by a subject. 当在场警员并观察到另一名警员使用明显超出客观上合理的必要武力时，考虑到其他警员可能有关于某一主体构成的威胁的额外信息的可能性，警员应进行了解与干预。
Note: For purposes of this section, "intercede" includes, but is not limited to, physically stopping the excessive force (when safe and reasonable to do so) and recording the excessive force, if equipped with a body worn video (BWV) camera. Officers shall attempt to document on BWV the efforts to intervene, efforts to de-escalate the excessive use of force, and confronting the offending officer about the excessive force during the use of force. If the offending officer continues to use excessive force, the witnessing officer shall immediately report the excessive force to a superior officer. 注：在本节中，“干预”包括但不限于物理停止过度武力（在安全合理的情况下）并记录武力过度情况（如果配备了随身携带的视频摄像机）。警员应尝试在随身携带的视频摄像机（录屏）上记录干预过程、降低过度使用武力的过程，以及在使用武力期间就过度使用武力立刻阻止违规警员。如果违规人员继续过度使用武力，在场人员应立即向上级报告过度使用武力的情况。
Any officer who has received all required training on the requirement to intercede and fails to do so when excessive force is observed as described above shall be subject to discipline up to and including in the same manner as the officer who committed the excessive force. 任何正式警员，如果在观察到如上所述的过度武力时未能这样做（干预与报告），则应受到与实施过度武力的警员相同的纪律处分。
DEFINITIONS 定义
Deadly Force 致命武力
Deadly Force is defined as any use of force that creates a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily injury, including but not limited to, the discharge of a firearm. 致命武力的定义是，任何使用武力造成重大死亡或严重身体伤害风险的行为，包括但不限于开枪。
Feasible 可行的
Feasible means reasonably capable of being done or carried out under the circumstances to successfully achieve the arrest or lawful objective without increasing risk to the officer or another person. 可行指在合理情况下能够成功实现逮捕或合法目标，而不会增加警员或其他人的风险。
Imminent 迫在眉睫的
Pursuant to California Penal Code Section 835a(e)(2), “[A] threat of death or serious bodily injury is “imminent” when, based on the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable officer in the same situation would believe that a person has the present ability, opportunity, and apparent intent to immediately cause death or serious bodily injury to the peace officer or another person. An imminent harm is not merely a fear of future harm, no matter how great the fear and no matter how great the likelihood of the harm, but is one that, from appearances, must be instantly confronted and addressed.” 根据《加利福尼亚州刑法》第835a（e）（2）节，“当根据总体情况，处于相同情况下的合理警员认为某人有目前的能力、机会，以及明显意图立即导致该警务人员或另一人死亡或严重身体伤害。迫在眉睫的伤害不仅是对未来伤害的恐惧，无论这种恐惧有多大，也无论伤害的可能性有多大，而且从表面上看，必须立即面对和解决。”
Objectively Reasonable 客观上合理
The legal standard used to determine the lawfulness of a use of force is based on the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989). Graham states in part,“The reasonableness of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight. The calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments in circumstances that are tense, uncertain and rapidly evolving.” 用于确定使用武力合法性的法律标准以美国宪法第四修正案为基础。见《格雷厄姆诉康纳》，《美国判例汇编》第490卷第386页（1989年）。格雷厄姆部分表示“特定使用武力的合理性必须从现场合理警员的角度进行判断，而不是用事后诸葛亮的20/20视角。合理性的计算必须体现出警员往往被迫在紧张、不确定和迅速变化的情况下做出瞬间判断的事实。”
Serious Bodily Injury 严重人身伤害
Pursuant to California Penal Code Section 243(f)(4), Serious Bodily Injury includes but is not limited to: 根据《加利福尼亚刑法》第243（f）（4）节，严重人身伤害包括但不限于：
Loss of consciousness 意识丧失
Concussion 脑震荡
Bone fracture 骨折
Protracted loss or impairment of function of any bodily member or organ 任何身体部分或器官功能的长期丧失或损害
A wound requiring extensive suturing 需要广泛缝合的伤口
Serious disfigurement 严重毁容
Totality of the Circumstances 整体环境
All facts known to or reasonably perceived by the officer at the time, including the conduct of the officer and the subject leading up to the use of force. 该警员当时已知或合理感知的所有事实，包括该警员的行为和导致使用武力的主体（嫌犯）。
Vulnerable Population 弱势群体
Vulnerable populations include, but are not limited to, children, elderly persons, people who are pregnant, and people with physical, mental, and developmental disabilities. 弱势群体包括但不限于儿童、老年人、孕妇以及身体、心理和发育残疾者。
Warning Shots 警告射击
The intentional discharge of a firearm off target not intended to hit a person, to warn others that deadly force is imminent. 故意向目标外发射一支并非旨在击中人的枪支，以警告他人致命武力即将到来。
556.80 DRAWING OR EXHIBITING FIREARMS 绘制或展示枪支
Unnecessarily or prematurely drawing or exhibiting a firearm limits an officer's alternatives in controlling a situation, creates unnecessary anxiety on the part of citizens, and may result in an unwarranted or accidental discharge of the firearm. Officers shall not draw or exhibit a firearm unless the circumstances surrounding the incident create a reasonable belief that it may be necessary to use the firearm in conformance with this policy on the use of firearms. 不必要或过早地拔出或展示枪支限制了警员控制局势的选择，造成公民不必要的焦虑，并可能导致枪支的不正当或意外击发。除非事件周围的情况使人合理相信可能有必要根据本枪支使用政策使用枪支，否则警察不得拿取或展示枪支。
HOSTAGES 人质
Criminals who use hostages to effect their escape are desperate individuals who, if allowed to escape, will pose a continuing threat to their hostage and to the public at large. Assurance that a hostage will be released unharmed is a meaningless promise. The Department does not have the ability to protect the safety of a hostage who is allowed to be removed from the presence of officers. The safety of hostages can be best assured by keeping them in the presence of officers and by preventing their removal by the suspect. Officers should use every verbal and tactical tool at their disposal to secure the arrest of the suspect without harming the hostage. However, officers should realize that exceptional situations could arise where considered judgment might dictate allowing removal of a hostage, such as where there is imminent and probable danger to a large group of persons. 利用人质逃跑的罪犯是绝望的人，如果允许他们逃跑，将对他们的人质和广大公众构成持续威胁。保证人质安全获释是毫无意义的承诺。警局没有能力保护当人质被允许从警察面前带走。将人质放在警察面前并防止嫌疑人将其带走，可以最有效地确保人质的安全。警察应使用其掌握的一切口头和战术工具，确保在不伤害人质的情况下逮捕嫌疑人。然而，警员们应该意识到，在经过深思熟虑的判断可能会要求释放人质的情况下，可能会出现例外情况，例如，在一大群人面临迫在眉睫和可能的危险的情况下。
OFFICERS SURRENDERING WEAPON 警察交出武器（缴械/放弃武器）
An officer or their partner may be at the mercy of an armed suspect who has the advantage, but experience has shown that the danger to officers is not reduced by them giving up their weapon upon demand. Surrendering their weapon might mean giving away their only chance for survival; therefore, an officer should use every tactical tool at his disposal to avoid surrendering their weapon. 一名警员或其同伴可能会受到拥有优势的武装嫌疑人的摆布，但经验表明警察在需要时放弃武器并不能减少他们的危险。交出武器可能意味着放弃他们唯一的生存机会；因此，一名警员应使用其掌握的所有战术工具，以避免交出武器。
BARRICADED SUSPECTS 设路障的嫌疑人
568.10 TACTICAL PLAN 战术计划
A barricaded suspect poses an extreme danger not only to officers who seek to arrest him or her, but to other persons as well. Good judgment demands that a tactical plan be developed rather than immediately rushing a barricaded suspect. 设置路障的嫌疑人不仅对试图逮捕他的警员，而且对其他人都构成了极大的危险。良好的判断是要求制定战术计划，而不是立即催促被阻拦的嫌疑人。
Officers should seal avenues of escape and call for assistance. Once the suspect is isolated, time is to the benefit of the officers, and the full resources of the Department are available to assist officers in removing the suspect from his location. To minimize the possibility of injury to officers and others, appropriate special equipment and trained personnel should be requested as needed. If possible, an effort should be made to contact the suspect in an attempt to persuade him or her to voluntarily surrender before force is used. 警员应封锁逃跑通道并寻求增援。一旦嫌疑人被隔离在封锁区域，时间对警方有利，警局的全部资源可用于协助警察将嫌疑人从其所在地带走。为了尽量减少对警员和其他人造成伤害的可能性，应根据需要要求配备适当的专用设备和经过培训的人员。如有可能，应努力联系嫌疑人，试图说服他或她在使用武力之前自愿投降。
568.20 SUPERVISION AT SCENE OF BARRICADED SUSPECT 在现场监督被封锁的嫌疑人
When a suspect is located as the result of a follow-up investigation, the senior investigative officer at the scene is in command. In situations which develop from radio calls or spontaneous activities, the senior uniformed officer present is in command. 后续调查发现嫌疑人后，由现场高级调查人员负责。在无线电呼叫或自发活动引起的情况下，由在场的高级警员负责指挥。
USE OF FLASHLIGHTS 使用手电筒
The primary use of the flashlight is for illumination purposes. Use of the flashlight as an impact device is discouraged by the Department. However, under exigent circumstances, the flashlight may be used as an impact device when the use of an officer’s baton is not feasible. Consistent with the Department's Use of Force Policy, any use of the flashlight as an impact device shall be reported, with an explanation as to why the flashlight was used in lieu of other impact devices. The reason for the use of the flashlight as an impact device will be critically reviewed. 手电筒的主要用途是照明。该部门不鼓励使用手电筒作为冲击装置。然而，在紧急情况下，当使用警棍不可行时，手电筒可以用作冲击装置。符合部门的武力使用政策，应报告将手电筒用作冲击装置的情况，并解释为什么使用手电筒代替其他冲击装置。将严格审查使用手电筒作为冲击装置的原因。
USE OF CHEMICAL AGENTS 化学试剂的使用
To minimize injury to suspects, officers, and others or to avoid property damage, the use of a chemical agent, such as tear gas, may be necessary in circumstances where a serious danger to life and property exists and other methods of control or apprehension would be ineffective or more dangerous. 为了尽量减少对嫌疑人、警员和其他人的伤害或避免财产损失，在存在严重生命和财产危险的情况下并且使用其他控制或逮捕方法可能无效或更危险时，可能需要使用化学剂，如催泪瓦斯。
The field commander at a police situation has the responsibility for determining the need for the use of a chemical agent and the authority to direct its deployment. In no event, however, can authorization for the use of a chemical agent be given by an officer below the rank of Sergeant or Detective. The use of a chemical agent for crowd or riot control must be authorized by an officer of the rank of Commander or higher. 警察局的现场指挥官有责任确定是否需要使用化学剂，并有权指示其部署。然而，在任何情况下，警长或警探级别以下的警员都不得授权使用化学药剂。使用化学药剂控制人群或暴乱必须获得Commander或更高级别警员的授权。
USE OF LESS-LETHAL CONTROL DEVICES 使用低致命性控制装置
The TASER, Baton, Beanbag Shotgun, 40mm Less-Lethal Launcher and Oleoresin Capsicum, are only permissible when there is an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others. 泰瑟枪、警棍、豆袋猎枪、40mm以下非致命发射器和辣椒油树脂，只有在对警员或其他人的安全构成直接威胁时才允许使用。